The Scar Solution Natural Scar Removal
"Bundle scars" are small marks within a leaf scar (see p. xxiv). These trees and shrubs have leaves wavy-edged or not toothed.
4 PERSIMMON, Diospyros virginiana p- 292
Old fields and barren woods; Connecticut, s, New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Illinois, Missouri, and e, Kansas to Florida and e, Texas.
V AMERICAN SILVERBERRY p. 293 Elaeag n us com m u ta ta
Dry soils; e. Quebec and Alaska to sw. Quebec, Minnesota,
S. Dakota, and Utah,
Y AUTUMN-OLIVE, E. umhellata (not illus.) p. 293
V DAPHNE, Daphne mezereum p. 293
Escaped, especially on limestone soils; Newfoundland and s. Ontario to New England, New York, and Ohio,
V MOUNTAIN-HOLLY, Nemopanthus mucronata p, 294
Damp thickets and swamps; Newfoundland and Minnesota to w. Virginia, W. Virginia, Indiana, and n. Illinois.
V STACGERBUSH, Lyonia mariana p, 294
Sandy or peaty soils; s. Rhode Island, se. New York, e. Pennsylvania, and Arkansas to Florida and e, Texas, ^ ZENOBIA, Zenobia pulvertdenta (not illus.) p. 294
V MINNIEBUSH, Menziesia pilosa p, 294
Wooded slopes; Pennsylvania and W. Virginia to Georgia, t WHIN, Genista tinctoria {not illus.) p. 295
V ANDRACHNE, Andrachne phyllanthoides (not illus.)p.295
V PONDSPICE, Litsea aestivalis p. 295
Swamps; se. Virginia and Tennessee to Florida and Louisiana,
V OILNUT, Pyrularia pubera p. 295
Mountain woods; Pennsylvania, W. Virginia, to Georgia and Alabama,
Coastal swamps; s, Delaware to Florida and west to Texas,
V TITI, Cyrilla racemifiora p. 296
Coastal swamps; se. Virginia to Florida and west to Texas.
PERSIMMON
SILVER BERRY MOUNTAIN-HOLLY
STAGGERBUSH
PERSIMMON
SILVER BERRY MOUNTAIN-HOLLY
STAGGERBUSH
Tree
Pith sometimes chambered
and twigs never always speckled with brown and silver
Buds black, speckled 2 scales
Shrub
Pith sometimes chambered
PERSIMMON
Shrub
AMERICAN SILVERBERRY
Shrub
Bark very fibrous
Shrub
Leaves wedge-shaped oblong, wif/i sharp tips
Fruits red "berries"
Bark very fibrous
Buds long-pointed
DAPHNE
MOUNTAIN-HOLLY
Shrub
End bud false
Shrub
End bud false
STAGGERBUSH
Leaves without with long-hairy glands on lower midvein hairless hairy above
Fruits dry capsules, often present
End bud true
End bud true
MINNIEBUSH
Shrub
Leaves thin or leathery, not evergreen leathery, evergreen
See text for other details
Shrub
Tree
Tree
Shrub
PONDSPICE OILNUT
Shrub
REDBAY Till
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Appendixes Index
Hidden page
Name Plate
14- Scales not present at twig bases;
15. Twigs thorn-tipped COMMON BUCKTHORN 19
15. Twigs not thorn-tipped:
10. Buds globular; plants either parasitic or semi-aquatic;
17. Parasites on tree roots; s, Appalachians:
18. Twigs hairy; branchlets pale brown
BUCKLEY A (16) IS. Twigs hairless; branchlets dark gray
NESTRONIA (lfi) 17. Crowing in shallow water or on wet soils:
19, Ix^af scars and buck often in whorls of 3*$; opposing leaf scars connected by lines; buds single above leaf scars;
20, Twigs rounded and smooth
BUTTON BUSH 16
20, Twig% angular und ridged
SWAMP LOOSESTRIFE (16)
19, Leaf scars and buds paired; leaf scars not connected by lines; buds often several above leaf scars FORESTIERAS 19
16« Buds elongate; nonparasitic upland plants:
2L Bud scales thick, fleshv; side buds with only
2-3 scales LILACS 18
21. Bud scales papery; side buds with 4 or more scales:
22, Twigs slender, Via" or under; leaf scars much raised PRIVETS 16
22, Twigs stout, over Mc" thick; leaf scars not raised {at least top edges about flush with twigs) FRINGE-TREE 16
10. Bundle scars 3:
23. Side buds hidden beneath leal scars or bark;
24. Leaf scars raised above the twigs; bark of branchlets tight; tree FLOWERING DOGWOOD 15
24, Leaf scars not raised (at least upper edges about flush with twigs); bark of branchlets usually flaky; shrubs:
25. Plants of upland sites; twigs neither branched nor striated MOCK-ORANGES 19
25, Plants of coastal salt marshes and shores; twigs branched, finely lined MARSH ELDER (19)
23, Side buds visible;
26, Upper leaf scars meeting in raised points (in salt marshes, see also Sea-oxeye, p* 81) ASH LEAF MAPLE 10 26. Upper leaf scars not meeting in raised points: 27, Paired leaf scars not connected hv lines;
28. Twig tips usuallv thorny; inner hark yellow
COMMON BUCKTHORN 19
28. Twig tips not thorny; inner bark not yellow: 29, Broken twigs with a spicy odor; twigs swollen near buds ALLSPICES 16
29. Broken twigs without a spicy odor; twigs not much swollen at buds;
Name Plate 30. Central end but! lacking, only a pair of buds at twig tips: 31. Pith white, bud scales 2-4, fniits balloon I ike capsules
BLADDERNUT 8
31. Pith brown, hud scales many, fruits small and juicy, berrylike RED ELDERBERRY 8
30. Central end bud present; I or 3 buds present at twig tips:
32. Bud scale 1; fruits small capsules containing many tiny, silky seeds BASKET WILLOW 56
32. Buds without scales or, if scaly, with 2 or more scales: 33, Bud scales more than 2:
34. Bud scales fi or less (usually I or less); fniits fleshy with single flat seeds VIBURNUMS (2) 21
34, Bud scales most I v 6 or more; fruits drv, winged MAPLES 22
33. Bud scales 2 or none;
35. Leaf scars not J -shaped, nearly enclosing the buds JAPANESE CORKTREE (10)
35. L>eaf scars U-shaped, adjacent to the buds: 36. Twigs hairy or trunk bark white-striped;
bud scales 2; fniits dry, winged MAPLES 22 36. Twigs not hairy; trunk not white-striped;
bud scales 2 or none; fruits fleshy, with single flat seeds VIBURNUMS (1) 20
27, Paired leaf scars connected by lines: 37- Papery scales present at twig bases:
38. Thin, hairv ridges descending along sides of twigs;
bark not papery BUSH-HONEYSUCKLES 19
38- Twigs not ridged; bark papery;
39, Twigs stout, relatively inflexible; umbrellalike dried fruit clusters usually present in winter; low shnihs HYDRANGEAS 19
39. Twigs slender, relatively flexible; fniits are berries; low or tall shrubs HONEYSUCKLES (2) 14 37, No papery scales present at the bases of the twigs: 40. Bud scales more than 2:
41. Mostly shrubs; fruits fleshy with single flat seeds; bud scales 6 or less (usually 4 or less)
VIBURNUMS (2) 21 41+ Mostly trees; fniits dry, winged; bud scales mostly
6 or more MAPLES 22
40. Bud scales 2 or none:
42. l^eaf scars raised above the twigs; bud scales 2
DOGWOODS 15
42. l^af scars usually not much raised above the twigs:
43. "wigs hairy or tnink bark white-striped; bud scales 2; fniits dry, winged MAPLES 22
43. 1 wigs not hairy; trunk not white-striped; bud scales 2 or none; fniits fleshy with single flat seeds VIBURNUMS (1) 20
Hidden page
Division A (contd,) Name Plate
5, Buds covered by a single scale DWARF WILLOWS 32
5. Buds covered by more than 1 scale:
6. Buds covered by 2-3 scales BIRCHES 52
6w Bads covered by more numerous scales:
7. End buds false PLUMS 53
7, End buds true:
H- Older bark usually shreddy; leaf scars very narrow; broken twigs mostly with foul odor; mostly in swamps
CURRANTS 41 8, Older bark not shreddy; leaf scars not very narrow: 9* Twigs speckled; broken twigs with sour txlor
SAND CHERRY 32 9. Twigs not speckled; broken twigs without sour odor MOUNTAIN ALDER 51
DIVISION B
Climbing or sprawling vines (caction: Watch for Poison-ivy)
10, Vines climbing by aerial rootlets; poisonous POISON J VT 25 10, Vines without aerial rootlets; n on poisonous; 1L Vines climbing by tendrils:
12, Tendrils attached to old leaf bases; twigs green and without distinct pith; sterns mostly prickly or bristly
GREENBRIERS 33
12* Tendrils attached to twigs; twigs not green; pith distinct; stems not prickly:
13, Pitli brown, woody partitions usually present
GRAPES (1), etc, 34, 35 13. Pith white, without pith partitions: 14. Tendrils not forked
AMPELOFSIS 35
14. Tendrils forked:
15, Tendril tips very slender, often disk-
tipped BOSTON IVY, CREEPERS (35), 30 15, Tendril tips stout; not disk-tipped;
16, Tendrils present mostly near the branch tips PEPPER VINE 31
16- Tendrils more frequent CISSUS (25)
IL Vines without tendrils:
17, Prickly; trailing or climbing BRAMBLES 23
17< Not prickly; climbing by twining stems:
18. Leaf scars flanked by knobby growths WISTERIAS 18, Leaf scars not so flanked:
19. Leaf scars with more than 3 bundle sears
19. Leaf scars with 1-3 bundle scars
MISCELLANEOUS 37
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Hidden page ctyifin D (contd.) Name Plate
48. Side buds not so hidden:
49. l,eaf scars nearlv encircling twijp; wood yellow
YELLOW ROOT 31 49. Leaf scars restricted to half the twig circumference or less; wood rarely yellow (see Yellowwood): 50, Buds nearly or completely surrounded by leaf scars: 51. Buds completely surrounded by leaf scars; bark very tough and leathery LEATHERWOOD 59
5L Buds nearly surrounded by deeply U- or V-shaped leaf scars; bark normal:
52. Bundle scars usually 5, projecting; sap not milky; wood of twigs yellow YELLOWWOOD 30 52. Bundle scars more than 5, not projecting;
sap milky; wood of twigs not yellow SUMACS 26 50. Buds located above leaf scars:
53. End buds without scales and much larger than side ones; buds wine-red PAWPAWS 59
53- Buds scalv:
54, Visible bud scales only 2-3:
55, Twigs stout, relatively inflexible; end buds false:
56, Leaf scars globed CHINABERRY (31)
56. Leaf scars crescent-shaped: poisonous
POISON SUMAC 26 55, Twigs slender, flexible; end buds tnie or false:
57. Pith partitioned near each leaf scar: 58. Twigs smooth or shreddy; mostly vines CRAPES (1), (2) 34, 35
58. Twigs with sandpapery surfaces;
shrub or tree PAPER MULBERRY 43 57. Pith solid:
59, Leaf scars narrow; bundle scars in a line; end buds tnie
MOUNTAIN ASHES 27
59, Leaf scars oval or triangular; bundle scars not in a line; end buds fake;
60, Buds red or green, usually sharp; inner bark fibrous
BASSWOODS 43
60. Buds brownish, usually blunt;
inner bark weak CHESTNUTS 57 54. Buds with 4 or more visible scales:
61. Stems very long-bristly or bristly-hairy;
end buds tnie BRISTLY SARSAPARILLA 24 61. Stems not bristly, though some hairy: 62, End buds true; twigs with lines leading from leaf scars NINEBARK 42 62. End buds false; twigs not lined: 63, Bud scales in 2 rows; sap milky
MULBERRIES 43
63, Bud scales not in 2 rows or lower
2 paired; sap clear HAZELNUTS 51
Upright trees and shrubs with nonthorny twigs and leaf scars with 3 bundle scars (.see Division D for plants with numerous bundle scars collected in 3 groups)
Name Plate
64, Pith chambered:
65, Twigs stout; leaf scars large, shield-shaped WALNUTS 27 65- Twigs slender; leaf scars small, not shield-shaped:
66, Twigs green; fruits small dry pods in clusters; shnih
SWEET-SPIRES 59
66. Twigs brownish; fruits l^errylike; trees:
67, End buds false; fniits dry when ripe HACKBERRIES 43 67, End buds true; fruits fleshy SOUR GUMS 59
64, Pith continuous:
68. Buds without scales; hairy:
69- Buds stalked, with slender bases:
70. Fruit pods in short clumps WITCH-HAZELS 57 70. Fruit pods in long clusters WITCH-ALDER (57) 69. Buds not stalked BUCKTHORNS 58
68, Buds with 1 or more scales:
71. Twigs with small yellow resin-dots evident (use lens):
72. Buds short, hlunt WAXMYRTLES 57
72. Buds long, slender CURRANTS 41 71* Twigs without resin-dots (use lens):
73. Leaf scars like a narrow line half encircling twigs; plants bramhlelike ROSES 23
73, L^eaf scars wider; plants not b ramble I ike: 74. End buds true:
75- Buds with 1-3 visible scales (or if 4 scales, then buds somewhat long-pointed): 76, Buds with single caplike scale
WILLOWS U), (2) 55,56 76- Buds with more than 1 scale:
77. Buds narrowed conspicuously at base (stalked); bud scales 2-3, reddish ALDERS 51
77» Buds nut stalked (sessile):
78. Older hranchlets with leaf-scar-crowded \pur branches; bud scales not paired: 79. Bark usually with narrow cross stripes BIRCHES 52
79. Bark not striped APPLES 58 78. Older hranchlets without spur branches; hud scales 2-4, paired (see also Bladder-senna* p. 144)
80, Bud scales 2; leaf scars crowded toward twig tips
ALTERNATE-LEAF DOGWOOD 59 80, Bud scales 2 or 4, somewhat long-pointed; leaf scars not crowded toward twig tips
75. Buds with 4 or more visible scales:
Division E (contd.) Name Plate
81. Buds ball-shaped, some thorns over 1" usually present
HAWTHORNS 39
8L Buds longer than broad:
82. Buds with lowermost scale immediately above leaf scar; bark often smooth and greenish on young trunks and branches; trees POPLARS 44
82. Lowest bud scale not so aligned:
83. Branch lets often with corky "wings"; bud scales hairy-fringed; tree SWEETGUM 42
83. Branch lets without corky wings:
84. Twigs nearly encircled by narrow stipule scars near leaf scars; buds very long, slim BEECH 57 84, Twigs without encircling stipule scars;
85- End buds much larger than side buds and clustered at twig tips; s. Missouri south ward CO R K W OOD 59
85. End buds about same size as side 1>uds, clustered only in some cherries:
86. Twigs with obvious long lines leading from each end of the leaf scar and bark papery, shreddy; 87, Twigs with 3 lines descending from each leaf scar; yellow resin -dots lacking NINEBARK 42
87. Twigs with only 2 descending lines or if with 3 then with resin-
dots (use lens) CURRANTS 41
86. Twigs without long {but sometimes with short) lines from leaf scars; bark not papery or shreddy:
88. Buds reddish, slender:
89. Bud scales often twisted with black tips (use lens); shrubs or small trees JUNEBERR1ES 54
89, Bud scales not twisted but with tips notched (use lens); shrubs CHOKEBERR1ES 58
88* Buds not reddish or, if so, then stout, or at least not slender:
90. Older bark usually with narrow cross stripes; trees or shrubs CHERRIES 53
90. Older bark not cross-striped: 9L Bud scales paired, 2-4 B.-SENNA, SMOKETREE (30), 59
9L Bud scales not paired: 92. Leaf scars narrow; trees or shrubs
APPLES 38, 58 92. l^eaf scars deeper; northern shrub
MOUNTAIN ALDER 51
74- End buds false:
93. Buds with 2-3 visible scales:
Division E (contd.) Nanw Plate
94. Twigs stout; leaf sears large; buds small, round; trees (see also Hoptree and Albizzia. below):
95, Buds often several at each leaf sear, 1 above another: 96. Buds imbedded in bark: twigs whitish; pith pink
COFFEE-TREE 31 96, Buds raised; twigs not whitish; pith whitish
WESTERN SOAPBERRY (30) 95, Buds single; raised; leaf scar 3-lobed; pith white
CHINABERRY (31) 94, Twigs slender; leaf scars smaller; buds various; trees and shrubs:
97, Broken twigs spicy-aromatic; buds clustered
SPICEBUSHES 59
97, Broken twigs not aromatic:
98. Leaf scars U-shaped; buds hairy HOPTREE 25
98- Leaf scars otherwise:
99- Twigs deeply grooved; occurring at edges of salt water GROUNDSELrTREE 58
99, Twigs not grooved; mostly on uplands:
100- Twigs usually red or green; inner hark tough and fibrous BASSWOODS 43
100, Not as above:
101. Buds as wide as long ALBIZZIA 31
10L Buds considerably longer than broad:
102, Pith irregular in cross section
CHESTNUTS 57 102, Pith nearly circular or oval in cross section 1NDIGOBUSHES 30 93, Buds with 4 or more visible scales:
103, Broken twigs with spicv odor: twigs hairv; low shrub
SWEETFERN 57
103, Broken twigs not spicy-aromatic;
104, Buds short, blunt» ball-like; plant usually long-
thorny HAWTHORNS 39
104. Buds mostly longer, not ball-like; not thorny;
105, Dry clustered remains of tiny fruit capsules usually present; twigs and buds hairv; low shnibs NEW JERSEY TEAS 43
105, Fruit remains, if present» larger, not capsular: 106, Leaf scars raised with 2 obvious longish lilies leading from sides of their bases: 107. Leaf scars with upper edge often fringed; some buds narrow at base; a 3rd line sometimes leading from centers of leaf-scar bases REDBL'D 43 107, Leaf scars not fringed; buds not stalked; only 2 lines: 108, Buds narrow, often sharp; broken twigs with sour odor; trunk bark often with cross stripes PLUMS 38, 53
108. Buds broad, mostly blunt; broken twi^s without sour
Division E (contd.) Name Plate odor; trunk bark not striped APPLES, PEARS 38, 58
106. Leaf scars not raised or at least without obvious lines lead* ing from them:
109* Scales of buds in regular vertical rows:
110. Bud scales in 2 rows; buds round in cross section; some species with "winged" branchlets; trunk ridged ELMS 50
110. Bud scales in 4 rows; buds 4 angled; branchlets not winged; trunk smooth, "muscular" IRONWOOD 51 I0i), Scales of buds not in regular rows; buds round in cross section;
111. Buds pressed tightly against twigs; pith sometimes chambered HACK BERRIES 43
111. Buds not tightly pressed; pith continuous:
112, Leaf scars in 2 regular rows along twigs; 113, Buds sharp; scales finely grooved (use lens); trunk scaly; tree HORNBEAM 51
113, Buds blunt; bud scales not grooved (use lens); sterns not scaly; shrubs
HAZELNUTS 51
112. Leaf scars less regularly placed:
114. Bud scales blackish, dark BUCKTHORNS 58 114. Bud scales brown. lighter PLUMS 38, 53
DIVISION F
f plight trees and shrubs with nonthorny twigs and with leaf scars either lacking or with I bundle scar
115. Leaf scars lacking:
116. Trees with fibrous bark; twigs and needlelike foliage dropping in winter leaving no leaf scars; fruits ball* shaped cones BALDCYPRESS 3
116. Shrubs* rambling and thornless with thin (laky bark; leaves breaking off above base. 3 bundle scars evident only if leaf base is cut transversely
FLOWERING RASPBERRIES 42 115. Leaf scars present, with 1 bundle scar:
117, Leaves needlelike, clustered, falling in winter; "warty"
spur branches present; fruits cones LURCHES 2
117, Leaves not needlelike hut falling in winter; fruits not cones;
118, Pith chambered:
119, Buds with onlv 2 visible scales, blackish
PERSIMMON 68 119, Buds with more than 2 visible scales: 120» Bark white-striped; buds reddish
SILVERB ELL-TREE 67
120. Bark not striped; buds dark
SWEETLEAF 67
118, Pith continuous:
121. Twigs covered with silver and brown scales
SILVERBERRIES 68
Division F (confd.) Same Plate
12L Twigs without such scales:
122. Broken twigs with very tough leathery i*ark DAPHNE 68 122. Twig l>ark not especially tough:
123. Buds without scales SNOWBELLS 67
123, Buds covered by scales:
124. Broken twigs spicy-aromatic:
125, In southern swamps; twigs not branched
PONDSFICE «8
125. In uplands, widespread; twigs often branched SASSAFRAS 43
124. Broken twigs not spicy-aromatic:
126. End buds false:
127. ■ wigs covered with numerous, fine, granular speckles {sometimes partly obscured by hairiness); twigs usually green or reddish; buds mostly with 2-3 visible scales; shnibs
BLUEBERRIES 62
127. Twigs not warty-granular:
128. Buds with 2 visible scales: 129, Buds blackish; pith spongy or chambered
PERSIMMON 68 129. Buds not blackish; pith continuous:
130. Fruits fleshy lorries; twigs hairy or flattened and ridged or older bark shreddv HUCKLEBERRIES 63 130. Fruits dry capsules; twig* neither hairy nor flattened and ridged; older bark not shreddy: 13L Buds blunt
ZENOBIA (68)
MALEBERRY 66 128. Buds. 3 or more visible stales: 132. I^eaf scars conspicuously raised, often with descending lines at sides; twig? very slender; clustered small dry fruits common at twig tips SPIREAS 60 132 I>eaf scars not conspicuously raised, without lines at sides:
133. Tree; buds small; ball-shaped; fruits small dry capsules
Division F (contd.) Name Plate
133. Shrubs:
134. Twigs usually with reddish, catkinlike bud clusters; fruits dry capsules SWEETBELLS 66 134* Twigs without catkinlike bud clusters:
135. Buds l>all-shaped or conical; fruits dry capsules;
136. Twigs grayish STAGCERBUSH 68
136. Twigs reddish ZENOBIA (68) 135, Buds longer; fruits not capsules:
137. Southwestern; fruits l>eanlike pods
PRAIRIE ACACIA (31)
137. Widespread: fniits fleshv berries
HUCKLEBERRIES 63
126- End buds true:
138. End buds much larger than side buds; buds usually clustered toward twig tips; side buds with 2-3 scales; shruhs:
lift). Outer bud scales of end buds about as long as buds, hairy, often falling early PEP PER BUSHES 66 139. Outer bud scales shorter than buds, not falling early:
140. Branch lets with shreddy bark MINNIEBUSH 68
140. Branch lets with tight bark AZALEAS 64 138, End buds aI>out size of side buds:
141. Spur branches usually present; very tiny, black sharp stipules flanking each leaf scar (use lens); buds often clustered toward twig tips; trees or shrubs HOLLIES 61
14L Spur branches and stipules of this type absent; buds variable; shrubs: 142. Buds with 2-3 visible scales;
143- Twigs angled with long ridges: 144. Usually scrambling, vinelike
MATRIMONY-VINES 37
144. Upright shrubs
WHIN, ANDRACHNE (68) 143, Twigs neither angled nor ridged:
145. Buds hairy, tapering; Virginia southward
SILKY , MOUNTAIN CAMELLUS 67 145- Buds hairless
BLADDER-SENNA (30) MOU NT A IN H OLLY 68 142. Buds with 4 or more visible scales: 146- Twigs sharply ridged, green, often dying at tips: 147, Dense bushy shrub
SCOTCH BROOM 25
147. Weak slender shrub
BICOLOR LESPEDEZA (25)
146, Twigs not ridged;
148. Buds clasped at l>ase by raised leaf scars and stipules
SHRUBBY CINQUE FOIL, etc. 30
Division F (contd.) Name Plate
148, Buds not clasped at base:
149. Twigs very slender, often tipped with Hat or cone-shaped clusters of small dry fruits; clumped shrubs
SPIREAS 60
149. Twigs Jess slender; clusters of dry fruits may be present;
150, Buds large, greenish; plants parasitic on roots of other shrubs or trees; fruits large, nutlike; Appalachians OILNUT 68 150. Buds small, not greenish; plants not parasitic;
fruits small dry capsules NEW JERSEY TEAS 43
APPENDIX C
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